Diseño e implementación de una cabina de control de temperatura para impresión 3D-FDM de policarbonato y determinación de parámetros tecnológicos óptimos mediante el diseño factorial

Abstract

Ender 3 V3 3D printers encounter challenges when printing with polycarbonate filament, resulting in defects such as delamination, warping, incomplete prints, rough surfaces, filament jams, stringing, and poor bed adhesion. This study aimed to design and implement a temperature-controlled enclosure to enhance the printing process. Engineering principles were applied to construct the enclosure and assemble an electrical panel with a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller. A systematic and experimental approach was employed using a 3² factorial design, evaluating the quality of printed parts through tensile tests on V-notched specimens according to ASTM D638. A literature review identified common defects in printing polycarbonate without adequate thermal control. The implementation of the enclosure demonstrated a significant improvement: defects per part decreased from 7 to 0. Optimal parameters were determined to be an ambient temperature of 35°C and an extruder temperature of 260°C, achieving a maximum force of 5121.52 N and a stress of 131.32 MPa. Regarding energy efficiency, a consumption of $1.055 per workday was determined. The total manufacturing cost of the enclosure amounted to $724.90, representing only 1.45% of the cost of an industrial printer. Based on these results, it is concluded that the temperature-controlled enclosure is a technically and economically viable solution for printing high-quality polycarbonate parts without the need for an industrial printer. This design offers an affordable and efficient alternative for smaller-scale applications, maximizing the quality of the final product.